Tài liệu CCNP Switching Study Guide pdf

Acknowledgments

W

e would all be millionaires if we could bottle Jill Schlessinger’s
energy and great attitude. This project owes her a debt of gratitude. Thanks
to Kevin Hales for hanging in there and adding the great material needed to
make this book the best.
Todd Lammle
I would like to acknowledge the great support my wife has been. Again,
thanks to Todd Lammle for including me on this project. A great deal of
gratitude for all those at Sybex, especially Jill Schlessinger and Shannon
Murphy.
Kevin Hales
We would both like to thank all the folks associated with Sybex who
helped get this book on the shelves. Judy Flynn was a superb editor. This
book would be a stack of typewritten pages without the layout finesse of
Nila Nichols. Tony Jonick magically transformed sketches into works of art.
Thanks to technical editors Errol Robichaux and Mark Tashiro for being
our watchdogs. Finally, our other watchdogs are the proofreaders: thanks to
Laurie O’Connell, Erika Donald, Nanette Duffy, Camera Obscura, and
Laura Schattschneider.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

Introduction

T

he new Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications,
such as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispensable factor in
understanding today’s network—insight into the Cisco world of internet-
working. This book is intended to help you continue on your exciting new
path toward obtaining CCNP and CCIE certification. Before reading this
book, you should have at least read Sybex’s

CCNA: Cisco Certified Net-
work Associate Study Guide.

Although you can take the Cisco tests in any
order, you should pass the CCNA exam before pursuing your CCNP. Many
questions in the CCNP Switching exam (640-504) are built upon the CCNA
material. However, we have done everything possible to make sure you can pass
the 640-504 exam by reading this book and practicing with Cisco routers.

Cisco—A Brief History

A lot of readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. How-
ever, those of you who are new to the field, just coming in fresh from your
MCSE, or those of you who have maybe 10 or more years in the field but
wish to brush up on the new technology, may appreciate a little background
on Cisco.
In the early 1980s, Len and Sandy Bosack, a married couple who worked
in different computer departments at Stanford University, were having trouble
getting their individual systems to communicate (like many married people).
So in their living room they created a gateway server that made it easier for
their disparate computers in two different departments to communicate
using the IP protocol. In 1984, they founded cisco Systems (notice the small

c)

with a small commercial gateway server product that changed networking
forever. Some people think the name was intended to be San Francisco Sys-
tems but the paper got ripped on the way to the incorporation lawyers—who
knows? In 1992, the company name was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc.
The first product the company marketed was called the Advanced Gate-
way Server (AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the
Compact Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and
the AGS+. Cisco calls these “the old alphabet soup products.”
In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router and then created
the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still
around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).
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Introduction

xix

Cisco has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for
the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect users who work
from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco products make it simple
for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences
in time, place, or platform.
In the big picture, Cisco provides end-to-end networking solutions that
customers can use to build an efficient, unified information infrastructure of
their own or to connect to someone else’s. This is an important piece in the
Internet/networking-industry puzzle because a common architecture that
delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional impera-
tive. Because Cisco offers such a broad range of networking and Internet ser-
vices and capabilities, users who need to access their local network or the
Internet regularly can do so unhindered, making Cisco’s wares indispensable.
Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that
form information networks using the Cisco Internetwork Operating System
(IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for
networked technical support and professional services to maintain and opti-
mize all network operations.
Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help sup-
port the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified
Internetwork Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to
equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco net-
works. The business plan is simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment
and install more Cisco networks, ensure that the networks you install run
properly.
However, having a fabulous product line isn’t all it takes to guarantee the
huge success that Cisco enjoys—lots of companies with great products are
now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve compli-
cated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of
installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn’t easy, so
Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated
networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Network-
ing, has also been successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty. Cisco
continuously monitors the CCIE program, changing it as it sees fit, to make
sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today’s
internetworking business environments.
Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifi-
cations permit you to become certified at various levels of technical profi-
ciency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So whether
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xx

Introduction

you’re beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position,
or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the book for you!

Cisco’s Network Support Certifications

Cisco has created new certifications that will help you get the coveted CCIE,
as well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels. Before these
new certifications, you took only one test and were then faced with the lab,
which made it difficult to succeed. With these new certifications, which add
a better approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco has opened doors
that few were allowed through before. So, what are these new certifications,
and how do they help you get your CCIE?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 2.0

The CCNA certification is the first in the new line of Cisco certifications and
is a precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the new certification
programs, Cisco has created a stepping-stone approach to CCIE certifica-
tion. Now you can become a Cisco Certified Network Associate for the mea-
ger cost of Sybex’s

CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide,


plus $100 for the test. And you don’t have to stop there—you can continue
with your studies and achieve a higher certification called the Cisco Certified
Network Professional (CCNP). Someone with a CCNP has all the skills and
knowledge needed to attempt the CCIE lab. However, because no textbook
can take the place of practical experience, we’ll discuss what else you need to
be ready for the CCIE lab shortly.

Check

www.routersim.com

for a cost-effective Cisco router simulator.

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) 2.0

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), Cisco’s new certification, has
opened up many opportunities for those individuals wishing to become
Cisco-certified but lacking the training, the expertise, or the bucks to pass the
notorious and often failed two-day Cisco torture lab. The new Cisco certifi-
cations will truly provide exciting new opportunities for the CNE and MCSE
who are unsure of how to advance to a higher level.
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Introduction

xxi

So, you’re thinking, “Great, what do I do after passing the CCNA exam?”
Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most pop-
ular certification), understand that there’s more than one path to that much-
coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and become
a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), which means four more
tests, in addition to the CCNA certification.
The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively
tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond—and it is not limited
to the Cisco world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly
increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these
certifications.

Todd Lammle offers a hands-on Cisco seminar (

www.lammle.com

) that pro-
vides two Cisco courses in one week of training. The Cisco CCNA/CCNP/CCDP
seminars include CCNA/CCDA, Routing/Support, and Remote Access/Switching.
Each course is six days long, and every student receives two routers and
a switch to configure. Todd Lammle now offers a new three-day CCNA to

help the busy professional.

Although you don’t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE
lab, it’s extremely helpful if you already have these certifications.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNP?

Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In
addition to mastering the skills required for the CCNA, you should have the
following skills for the CCNP:


Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, along with
dial-access services


Understanding complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, Async
Routing, AppleTalk, extended access lists, IP RIP, route redistribu-
tion, IPX RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, serial, IGRP,
Frame Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs, Ethernet,
ATM LAN Emulation (LANE), access lists, 802.10, FDDI, and trans-
parent and translational bridging
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Introduction

To meet the CCNP requirements, you must be able to perform the following:


Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicken
network response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.


Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and
remote access.


Improve network security.


Create a global intranet.


Provide access security to campus switches and routers.


Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth—end-to-end
resiliency services.


Provide custom queuing and routed priority services.

How Do You Become a CCNP?

After becoming a CCNA, you must take four exams to get your CCNP 2.0:

Exam 640-503: Routing

This exam continues to build on the funda-
mentals learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol
internetworks and how to manage them with access lists, queuing, tun-
neling, route distribution, router maps, BGP, OSPF, and route summari-
zation. The forthcoming

CCNP: Routing Study Guide

covers all the exam
objectives.

Exam 640-504: Switching

This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900
and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. This book,

CCNP:



Switching Study
Guide

, covers all the objectives you need to understand to pass the
Switching exam.

Exam 640-505: Remote Access

This exam tests your knowledge of
installing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and
dial-up access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay,
and authentication. The new Sybex

CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide


covers all the exam objectives.

Exam 640-506: Support

This exam tests you on the Cisco IOS trouble-
shooting information available. You must be able to troubleshoot Ether-
net and Token Ring LANs, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk networks, as well as
ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks. The new Sybex

CCNP: Support
Study Guide

covers all the exam objectives.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction

xxiii

If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam
and the Support exam and then taking just one more long exam called the
Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP—but
beware, it’s a really long test that fuses all the material listed previously into
one exam. Good luck! However, by taking this exam, you get three tests for
the price of two, which saves you $100 (if you pass). Some people think it’s
easier to take the Foundation R/S exam because you can leverage the areas in

which you would score higher against the areas in which you wouldn’t.

Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without
notice. Always check the Cisco Web site (

www.cisco.com

) for the most up-to-

date information.

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

You’ve become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your Cisco
Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) in Routing and Switching—what do
you do next? Cisco recommends that before you take the lab, you take test
640-025: Cisco Internetwork Design (CID) and the Cisco authorized course
called Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way, no
Prometric test for IMCR exists at the time of this writing, and Cisco recom-
mends a

minimum

of two years of on-the-job experience before taking the
CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles, you then have to pass the CCIE-R/S
Exam Qualification (exam 350-001) before taking the actual lab.
To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends the following:

1.

Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training
center and pony up around $15,000–$20,000, depending on your cor-
porate discount.

2.

Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam—so hopefully you’ll
pass it the first time).
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Introduction

3.

Pass the two-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab,
which many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it
through!) Also, you might just need to add travel costs to that $1,000
because you can currently take the exam only in San Jose, California;
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney, Australia; Halifax,
Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; or Brussels, Belgium. Cisco is adding new
sites for the CCIE lab; it is best to check the Cisco Web site for the
most up-to-date information.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCIE?

The CCIE Routing and Switching exam includes the advanced technical
skills that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reli-
ability, as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use dis-
parate technologies. CCIEs just don’t have problems getting jobs; these
experts are basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries!
But that’s because it isn’t easy to attain the level of capability that is manda-
tory for Cisco’s CCIE. For example, a CCIE must have the following skills
down pat:


Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE net-
works, along with dial-access services


Diagnosing and resolving network faults


Using packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools


Documenting and reporting the problem-solving processes used


Having general LAN/WAN knowledge, including data encapsulation
and layering; windowing and flow control and their relation to delay;
error detection and recovery; link-state, distance vector, and switching
algorithms; management, monitoring, and fault isolation


Having knowledge of a variety of corporate technologies—including
major services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups—as
well as the functions, addressing structures, and routing, switching,
and bridging implications of each of their protocols
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Introduction

xxv


Having knowledge of Cisco-specific technologies, including router/
switch platforms, architectures, and applications; communication
servers; protocol translation and applications; configuration com-
mands and system/network impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capa-
bilities, and applications


Designing, configuring, installing, and verifying voice-over-IP and
voice-over-ATM networks

Check

www.netfix.com

for a great price on used Cisco gear that can help you

build a home lab.

Cisco’s Network Design Certifications

In addition to the network support certifications, Cisco has created another
certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this
track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA) and Cisco Certified
Design Professional (CCDP) certifications. If you’re reaching for the CCIE
stars, we highly recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before
attempting the lab (or attempting to advance your career). Preparing for
these certifications will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN,
routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.

Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)

To become a CCDA, you must pass the DCN (Designing Cisco Networks)
test (640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the following:


Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and
ATM LANE networks.


Use Network-layer addressing.


Filter with access lists.


Use and propagate VLANs.


Size networks.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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xxvi

Introduction

Sybex’s

CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide

is the most cost-

effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.

Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP) 2.0

If you’re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take
the CID 640-025 test. If you’re not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the
CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access, and CID exams.
CCDP certification skills include the following:


Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN
and ATM LANE networks


Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge
CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:


Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment


Traffic management with access lists


Hierarchical network design


VLAN use and propagation


Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switch-
ing engines; memory, cost, and minimization

What Does This Book Cover?

This book covers everything you need to pass the CCNP Switching exam.
The following list describes what you will learn in each chapter:


Chapter 1 describes the traditional campus network model and moves
into the new emerging campus model. Layer 2, 3, and 4 switching is
also discussed. In addition, this chapter discusses the Cisco three-layer
model, the Cisco switching product line, and how to build switch and
core blocks.


Chapter 2 describes the various Ethernet media types and how to log
in and configure both a set-based and IOS-based Cisco Catalyst
switch.
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